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What’s in a name?
海南

Hainan (UK: /haɪˈnæn/, US: /-nɑːn/;海南) is the smallest and southernmost province of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), consisting of various islands in the South China Sea. Hainan Island, the largest and most populous island in China,[note 1] makes up the vast majority (97%) of the province. The name means «south of the sea», reflecting the island’s position south of the Qiongzhou Strait, which separates it from Leizhou Peninsula.

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Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue («Hundred Yue», Vietnamese: Bách Việt), the region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty. In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo (Vietnamese: Triệu Đà) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor’s death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue («Southern Yue»). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of «Harmonizing and Gathering the Hundred Yue» (和集百越) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty.

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The province has a land area of 33,920 square kilometers (13,100 sq mi), of which Hainan the island is 32,900 square kilometers (12,700 sq mi) and the rest is over 200 islands scattered across three archipelagos: Zhongsha, Xisha and Nansha. It was part of Guangdong from 1950–88, after which it resumed as a top-tier entity and almost immediately made the largest Special Economic Zone by Deng Xiaoping as part of the then-ongoing Chinese economic reform program.